According to penal code, what must individuals report?

The requirement to report suspected child abuse is rooted in California's legal framework, specifically aimed at protecting vulnerable populations. Under California Penal Code Section 11166, certain professionals, known as mandated reporters, are legally obligated to report any reasonable suspicion of child abuse or neglect to the appropriate authorities, such as law enforcement or child protective services. This provision is in place to ensure that children receive necessary protection and intervention when their safety is potentially at risk.

While the other options—suspected elder abuse, substance abuse cases, and domestic violence incidents—are certainly serious and may require reporting or intervention, they do not carry the same legal mandate for all professionals as child abuse does. For instance, elder abuse has its reporting requirements but may vary by specific professionals and contexts. Substance abuse cases can also be subject to confidentiality laws, and while domestic violence is a significant issue, the reporting obligations differ based on the situation and the individuals involved. Ultimately, the clear and specific legal obligation to report suspected child abuse distinguishes it as the primary answer to this question.